Cara membuat PCB

Cara membuat PCB berikut ini menurut pengalaman adalah cara yang paling praktis, selain biayanya sangat murah, hasilnya juga tidak kalah menarik dan rapi dibanding dengan cara menulis langsung dengan spidol permanen, Sablon (Rugos atau sablon cat), atau pakai media Transfer Paper (original) yang harganya lumayan mahal.
Sebagian besar orang mungkin sudah tidak asing lagi dengan metode ini, namun bagi yang belum terbiasa tidak ada salahnya untuk mencoba, apalagi saat sekarang perancangan jalur PCB telah sangat mudah dilakukan dengan komputer.

Bahan-bahan dan peralatan yang harus disiapkan adalah :

1. Printer Laser Jet (Tinta Toner) jika tidak ada bisa memakai hasil Foto Copy-an

2. Kertas (bekas) Kalender dinding yang tidak kusut

3. Papan PCB

4. Amplas kertas halus (abrasive paper)

5. Setrika listrik

6. Ferri Cloride (FeCl3)

7. Bor PCB

8. Pisau (Cutter)

9. Penggaris (stainless steel)

10. Spidol permanent (jika diperlukan)

11. Komputer + salah satu Software (TraxMaker, Protel, Eagle, DipTrace, ExpressPCB dsb. )

Pemindahan jalur ke papan PCB

• Gambar dari Program PCB diprint ke kertas bekas Kalender (tentunya disisi yang masih kosong, usahakan kertas kalender dipilih yang masih bersih).

• Jika printer Toner tidak ada, maka bisa di print ke kertas biasa lalu di Foto Copy, tapi hasil Foto Copynya (Target) harus diatas kertas Kalender.

• Setelah ter-print ke kertas kalender dan memastikan tidak ada jalur yang putus, guntinglah gambar PCB tersebut kira-kira 2-3mm diluar garis gambar.

• Potong PCB dengan pisau Cutter seukuran gambar PCB yang baru saja di-print,
ratakan pinggiran PCB sampai rata dan tidak tajam.

• Ampelas seluruh permukaan PCB sambil dibasahi dengan air, lakukan proses
pengampelasan dengan cara memutar searah jarum jam sampai bersih, lalu keringkan.

• Panaskan Setrika, set pengatur panas kira-kira 1/4.

• Posisikan gambar PCB diatas papan PCB, jalur PCB (tinta Toner) menghadap ke papan PCB (tembaga).

• Diatas kertas kalender lapisi dengan kertas biasa, agar Text yg ada di kalender
tidak menempel ke permukaan Setrika.

• Tekan Setrika agak kuat diatas kerta kalender yang sudah dilapisi dgn kertas biasa
tadi sampai kira-kira 30 detik sampai gambar menempel ke papan PCB dan lakukan
penggosokan secara merata ke permukaan yg lain.

• Waktu yang diperlukan selama proses setrika +/- 3 menit, jangan sampai lebih dari
4 menit karena jika terlalu lama biasanya gambar akan melebar/pudar.

• Setelah kertas kalender menempel ke PCB lalu dinginkan papan PCB dengan cara
di angin-anginkan, jangan sekali-kali langsung direndam ke air atau diblow dengan
udara dingin / AC, gambar (toner) bisa terkelupas sewaktu masuk pada proses
selanjutnya.

• Jika sudah benar-benar dingin, rendam papan PCB ke dalam air selama +/- 15 s/d
30 menit, tergantung dari tebal/tipisnya kertas kalender, hingga kertas kalender
nampak basah pada permukaan bagian dalam, biasanya jika menggunakan kertas
kalender yang tipis, kertas akan terkelupas (mengapung) dengan sendirinya.

• Lepaskan kertas kalender pelan-pelan dengan tangan sampai gambar/jalur nampak, lalu sedikit-demi sedikit bersihkan sisa-sisa kertas yang masih nempel dengan bantuan sikat gigi bekas, terutama kertas yang nempel pada bagian lubang/pads komponen dan diantara jalur-jalur sampai bersih.

• Jika terdapat jalur yang putus, baru gunakan Spidol permanent untuk membantu menyambungnya.

Proses pelarutan PCB.

• Masukkan Ferric Cloride (FeCl3) secukupnya ke dalam wadah plastic (paling tidak 1 bungkus kemasan), dan masukkan air panas/hangat secukupnya +/- 100ml (1/2 gelas), sampai seluruhnya lebur dengan air.

• Masukkan papan PCB kedalam larutan Ferri Cloride (FeCl3) tadi, dan agar prosesnya lebih cepat, bantu dengan cara menggoyang-goyang wadahnya .

• Sambil diamati jika papan PCB sudah seluruhnya lebur, maksudnya tembaga yang tidak tertutup oleh gambar/toner, maka angkat papan PCB dan bersihkan dengan
air yang mengalir (air kran).

• Untuk membersihkan gambar/toner, gosokan amplas pelan-pelan sambil disiram air kran sampai benar-benar bersih.

• Periksa kembali apakah terdapat jalur yang putus.

• Bor papan PCB sesuai besarnya kaki komponen (0,8mm s/d 1,5mm)

• Bersihkan papan PCB.

• Papan PCB siap untuk dipasang komponen.

smoga bermanfaat

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what is a microcontroller ???

Microcontroller is a functional computer system on a chip. It contains a processor core, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and input-output equipment.

In other words, the microcontroller is a digital electronic device that has inputs and outputs and controls with a program that can be written and erased in a special way, the workings of the actual microcontroller to read and write data. Just an example, imagine yourself as you begin to learn to read and write, when you can already do that you can read any good books, short stories, articles and so on, and you also can also write things otherwise. Similarly, if you are already adept at reading and writing data then you can create a program to create an automatic regulation system using a microcontroller according to your wishes. On-chip microcontroller is a computer used to control electronic equipment, which emphasizes efficiency and cost effectiveness. It literally can be called "little control" in which an electronic system that previously many require supporting components such as TTL and CMOS ICs can be reduced / minimized and eventually centralized and controlled by the microcontroller this.

Mikrokonktroler used in products and tools that are controlled automatically, such as engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, home appliances, heavy equipment, and toys. By reducing the size, cost and power consumption compared to the design using microprocessor memory, input and output are separate devices, microcontrollers make the presence of electrical controls for the various processes become more economical. By using this microcontroller then:


· An electronic system will be more concise

· Design of electronic systems will be faster because most of the system is software that is easily modified

· Search disorders more easily traced because the system is compact

However, the microcontroller can not completely reduce the TTL and CMOS IC components are often still required for high speed applications, or simply increase the number of input channels and output (I / O). In other words, the microcontroller is a mini or micro version of a computer that already contains some of the peripheral microcontroller which can be used directly, for example a parallel port, serial port, comparators, digital to analog conversion (DAC), analog to digital conversion and so only use the system minimum that is not complicated or complex.

In order for a microcontroller to function, then the microcontroller will require external components are then referred to the minimum system requirements. To make the system required a minimum of at least the system clock and reset, although in some cases already provides a system microcontroller internal clock, so that without any external microcontroller circuit is operational.

To design a microcontroller-based system, we need hardware and software, namely:

1. minimal system microcontroller

2. software programming and compiler, and downloader

The definition of a minimal system is a microcontroller circuit which can already be used to run an application. A microcontroller IC tidakakan means if just stand alone. Basically a minimal system of AVR microcontrollers have the same principle, which consists of four parts, namely:

1. processors, namely the microcontroller itself

2. reset circuit for microcontroller can run the program starting from scratch

3. clock circuit, which is used to provide pulses in the CPU

4. power supply circuit, which is used to provide resources

In particular jenis2 microcontroller (AVR for example), point2 at No. 2, 3 is already available in the microcontroller with a frequency that has been setup from the vendor (usually 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz), so users do not need to require an additional circuit, but if you want to design systems with certain specifications (eg like communication with a PC or mobile phone), then the user must use a clock circuit according to the characteristics of a PC or HP, usually using a 11.0592 MHz crystal, to produce appropriate communication with baud rate of PC or HP.

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How to Read Resistor Value

A common type of resistor is shaped copper tube with two feet on the left and right. In body shape is a circle of color-coded wristbands to facilitate users recognize without measuring the magnitude of the resistance with an ohmmeter.

The color code is the manufacturing standards issued by the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) as shown in the following table. I think for a service technician knows how to read the value of the resistor is mandatory.

Immediately, the following is the resistor color table, complete with readings at each of the color bands:

How to read resistor color codes Resistor Value
Resistance read from the color of the bracelet the most forward in the direction of tolerance band is brown, red, gold or silver. Usually this tolerance color band resistor body is at most corner or also with a width that is more prominent, while the first color of the bracelet is a bit inward.

Thus the user already knows how direct tolerance of the resistor. If you have been able to determine where the first band to read next is the resistance value.

The number of circular bands on the resistor in accordance with generally greater tolerance. Usually the resistor with a tolerance of 5%, 10% or 20% have 3 bands (excluding band tolerance).

But the resistor with a tolerance of 1% or 2% (small tolerance) has 4 bracelets (not including bracelet tolerance).

The first bracelet and so on in succession shows a large value of the unit, and the latter is a factor pengalinya bracelets. For example resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold. Gold bracelet is a bracelet tolerance.

Thus the sequence of color bands resitor this is the first bracelet yellow, violet colored wristbands second and third red bracelet. The fourth bracelet of course a gold-colored bracelet and this is tolerance. From table-1 is unknown if the gold-colored bracelet tolerance, this has meant resitor tolerance of 5%. Resistansisnya value calculated in accordance with the order of the color.

The first is to determine the unit value of this resistor. Because these resistors resitor 5% (which usually has three bands in addition to bracelets tolerance), then the unit value is determined by the band's first and second bands.

Still from Table-1 unknown value = 2 red bangles and bracelets green value = 5. So the first and second bracelet or yellow and violet respectively, the unit value is 25.

The third bracelet is a multiplier, and if the color orange bracelet meaning pengalinya factor is 1000. So with this unknown resistor value is the value of units x multiplier or 25 x 1000 = 25k Ohm and the tolerance is 5%. Other specifications to consider in choosing resitor on a draft of the resistance is greater than its wattage. Because the resistors working with electrified, it will be a power dissipation of heat for W = I2R watts.

The larger the physical size of a resistor can show the greater ability of the resistor power dissipation. Generally in the market available sizes 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts. Resistor which has a power dissipation of 5, 10 and 20 watts are generally elongated rectangular-shaped cubic white, but some are cylindrical.
thank you hopefully useful

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